Challenge
Poverty remains widespread in Liberia. According to the latest available national household survey data (2016), 50.9 percent of the population is living in poverty. Furthermore, the poverty rate in rural Liberia (71.6 percent) is more than double that of the urban areas (31.5 percent). With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the share of households living below the national poverty line was projected to rise, ranging from between 65.2 to 68.9 percent in 2020. Social protection programs, including social safety nets, are key to the government’s development agenda in addressing vulnerability and reducing poverty, as outlined in its 2018-2023 medium-term national development plan. Also, decades of rigorous research have documented the effectiveness of safety net programs, most notably cash transfers, in the fight against poverty, including during a crisis.
Approach
The Liberia Social Safety Nets Project (LSSNP) aims to establish the key building blocks of a basic national safety net delivery system by providing income support to extremely poor and food-insecure households. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Social Cash Transfer (SCT) program under the LSSNP predominantly benefitted poor households in rural areas. It delivered payments through the cash-in-transit method, which meant physically transferring (a large number of) banknotes from one location (for example, local banks) to the communities of the beneficiaries. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government of Liberia extended the coverage of the SCT program to include urban households in Greater Monrovia, calling this scaled-up program the SCT-COVID. To ensure the timely roll-out of the SCT-COVID, the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection (MGCSP) engaged an experienced service provider, GiveDirectly. It is a non-profit organization with over a decade of experience in providing cash transfers via mobile money, including through partnerships with governments in Africa. It launched its first operations in Liberia in 2018. Since the cash-in-transit method typically involved large gatherings of people to receive their cash transfers, the SCT-COVID opted to deliver benefits via mobile money, which would allow staff and beneficiaries to maintain social distancing protocols.
Results
Highlight how the project contributed to the country high-level development objective(s), such as CPF objectives. Provide data to support the statements, if available.
The SCT-COVID program provided much-needed income support to vulnerable households. Indeed, it helped to prevent many families from having to resort to negative survival strategies (for example, switching to lower quality food, selling assets, taking children out of school, and high-interest borrowing). A survey conducted by GiveDirectly during implementation found that 42 percent of recipients reported spending a portion of their cash transfers on the purchase of food, 37 percent on education for family members or other dependents, and 21 percent on spending for other expenditures, including health and expanding their existing businesses. The SCT-COVID program supports the second pillar of the World Bank’s Country Partnership Framework for Liberia, which focuses on building human capital to seize new economic opportunities.
- Between October 2019 and September 2021, the SCT program extended social safety nets to over 82,000 individuals from 18,000 poor households in urban and rural areas in Liberia (Montserrado, Maryland, and Grand Kru Counties). Benefits were extended using digital cash transfers via mobile money. Over 70 percent of the cash recipients were women.
- The SCT-COVID program in urban Montserrado benefitted 14,855 households comprised of 65,362 individuals from 11 vulnerable communities. Transfer amounts were based on household size, starting at $15 per household member, up to a maximum amount of $90 per household per transfer. In total, two payments were made to each household over the course of two months.
- Almost all (98 percent) of the SCT-COVID survey respondents reported that the mobile money registration process was very easy or easy, and a large majority (92 percent) said they had no difficulty finding a mobile money agent to cash their transfers.
- The digital payment delivery system was also implemented in the government’s cash transfer program in rural areas, with approximately 3,400 households transitioning from the cash-in-transit method to mobile money transfers by February/2021.
- The program demonstrated that delivering emergency cash transfers at scale, via mobile money, during a public health crisis is operationally feasible in Liberia.
Bank Group Contribution
The cash transfers provided to the SCT-COVID beneficiaries were fully financed by the United Kingdom’s Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO). The development of the social registry digital intake tool was financed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Thus, the broader LSSNP is financed by a $10 million credit from the International Development Association and co-financed by USAID ($5.4 million) and the FCDO ($3.5 million). The project is scheduled to close in June 2023.
Partners
The LSSNP is implemented by the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection (MGCSP) with funding support from the World Bank and the United Kingdom’s Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, and the United States Agency for International Development. The World Bank provides implementation support to the project. Additional technical support was provided in partnership with the Ministry of Health of Liberia, the Ministry of Agriculture of Liberia, the Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services, and the Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission. The SCT-COVID program was implemented by the MGCSP and GiveDirectly as the service provider.
Looking Ahead
The SCT-COVID program was a one-time emergency cash transfer program, but it helped to catalyze the expansion of cash transfer programs in Liberia. The successful collaboration with GiveDirectly will continue for the expansion of the SCT program in rural areas. An additional 6,500 poor households from the Bomi and Maryland Counties are being enrolled in the SCT program starting in March 2022 and continuing with the distribution of cash transfers via mobile money to begin in April 2022. The response to the twin health and economic shocks of COVID-19, and the firsthand experience gained in implementing the SCT-COVID program, paved the way for an expansion of social safety nets, thereby equipping Liberia with the ability to weather future crises.
Beneficiary Story/Quote
“When I received my cash transfer, I was very happy! Without the transfer, I wouldn’t have started my (dry goods) business. Receiving this transfer made my dream come true.” Verbah Howard, who previously did not have a source of income.
“I am very happy for the transfer; I don’t know how to thank you. My children are not going to beg again, and I will use this money to make our lives better.” Comfort McGill, who previously only washed clothes and cleaned houses for people in her community, was able to improve her income by starting a bread-making business with the cash transfer.
“The rainy season is really disturbing for our lives. We can’t even sleep. Now with the help of the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection, we’ll be able to move to our own house soon.” Sophie Wleh, who previously lived in a rented zinc shelter with her husband and four children. She engages in petty trade, selling charcoal, oil, rice, biscuits and other small goods in her community. By the World Bank